Editors Note: Since 1990, transfer payments, tax credits, etc. have really helped the poor. The return of the stock market since 2009, (not shown) has the top 1% flying high again.

Election

1) Debt will continue to come under scrutiny with the cost of  Obama Care added to  private and public underfunded pensions, social security, and big time military spending. Here is some data and my two cents printed in red. The Big Secret Behind U.S. Federal Debt 

2) Health Care will be a main topic of election discussions as voters choose between the president and state officials who have budget problems and need decide on accepting the cost of Obamacare's expanded  Medicaid program. Here is some data, comments from mainstream media and comments in red from yours truly,  Professor A. 
Who Will Solve These Health Care Problems   
Why Health Care Cost are Increasing  
Cutting Health Care Cost  
Health Care Miscellaneous  

3) Education in a Capitalistic Democracy requires we look at U.S. Education vs. Germany and Britain, Our Biggest Value Added Competitors is a subject I became interested in when I semi retired in 1989. It lead me  Individualized Curriculums- a way to improve education, keep valuable teachers, and lower cost. 

4) Election Economics  page 2  e-mail antonw@ix.netcom.com

Charts of the Month for September of 2012

from http://online.wsj.com/article/
SB10001424052702304248704575574213897770830.html

Chart of the Month for August

Real Per Capita DPI growth has been increasing at a decreasing rate since 1965. 
Some think it is LBJ's Great Society, I think its the world getting flatter and flatter. Note how our 20 year debt binge cause the line to accelerate for a while, but, in the long run, society as a whole can't get something  for nothing. But it can produce a lot of rich people to avoid taxes and give up their citizenship. I'd make them leave the country, and charge them in the many millions or special health care.

July Chart of the Month 2012

Medium Size Business, with sales between 10 million and a billion added 2.2 million jobs last year while large business lost 3.7 million.  Heaven forbid if they and small business lower employment because of Obama Care. Small business because its an added expense they can't afford, medium sized because it is more expensive than there current plans. 
Capitalism is under attack because Europe's high welfare, slow growth system is falling apart, the U.S.'s high growth, high individual freedom, hodgepodge welfare system faces huge future pension/health care liquidly cash outflows, and China's totalitarian capitalism appears to be more corrupt and less capitalistic than believed. The history of economic growth shows long periods of slow and fast growth. The current slow period will end like other balance sheet recessions (big drop in assets results it the need to pay off huge liability balances), after an average of seven years. The rate of recovery will be high if some new product makes investment so profitable that many worker are higher with good wages for a long period. Fracking for natural gas and conversion to this cheaper power source comes to mind as does 3-D printing. Both should insure our lead in manufacturing continues.  But whatever it is, when it comes, we will forget the Great Recession and be able to afford Obama Care. 
Will Germany pay again? Since  the fall of the wall in 1989, West Germany has invested about $1.9 trillion (reuters.com.) to modernize the east with taxpayers paying the bill with a 5.5% surtax on income tax owed by individuals and companies. After a decade of economic growth, stagnation resulted so in 2004, then Prime Minister Schroeder took on the unions and many in his own party by trying to limit unemployment benefits, rein in pensions, and reform of the labor market. It worked, the economy became the strongest in Europe, but he was not reelected. Now Greece wants to extend the terms of her bailout and not go through what Germany put herself through about a decade ago. Greece wants to delay laying off 150,000 government workers, lowering the minimum wage, and other changes to make her more competitive. Germans are being asked to pay. Our Tea Party doesn't want to pay for what the government gives them, imagine a tax increase to pay for foreign aid!
Learned Something 6/22/12 Bloomberg economist Joe Brusuelas reported that $500 billion of QE2 credit expansion ended up as excess reserves in the banking system and most of the remaining $100 billion was borrowed by people with really high credit to invest in commodities and big ticket luxury goods. Their demand for resources pushed up oil prices so he feels the middle class again helped  the rich.
Monetarists worry that the excess reserve will lead to inflation. Having seen Volker ring excess reserves out of the economy in the early 80's. that doesn't worry me ( it probably should since 'm 100% into fixed stuff plus SS and Medicare. I put a lot of $ into all three investments so ...) Volker  may have caused a second dip back then but I am more concerned about the extra 5 million unemployed workers still in our first dip. Monetarists are like Alpha male Puritans from Sparta, if it doesn't cause pain, it won't work. Of course, we all know that like Libertarians, Monetarist believe government can solve all problems.
A Different Country
Since 1983, the percent of 19-year-olds with a driving license dropped from 87% to70% and in the last five years, car sale to those to 18 to 34 year of age dropped from 16.5 percent of the population to 11.5% of the population. Auto Week 9/17/12 This plus the fact that job instability caused by our "Flat World" makes home ownership more of a risky investment will lead to a more urban population.
Corporate Welfare Queens who lease 80 million acres of energy land and gifts of "swaths of the digital spectrum" on the cheap and bother me more than Welfare Queens, who even if some are not deserving, they lead a poor lifestyle.
James Surowiecki NYT. The Week 10/19/12

Why Am I  Me

Like many, I wonder why I live in my head rather than someone else's head. Of 6 or 7 billion people, why am I me?  Looking very similar to my older brother, I figured that was genetic. Having my younger sister's personality, I figured it was nurture. You know, the Pavlov's dog part of our being. 

Now it turns out that that too was genes! If that's the case, there had better be a page two or the entire experience has been a pain in the poop!

June   Chart of the Month of 2012

 Chart of the Month, May of 2012  

Keynesians 1, Austrians (i.e. Germany) 0

Editors Notes: What happens to growth and inflation will determine the winner.

What I'm Thinking About
Job situation worse than I thought
I've known for a few years that our "flat" competitive world with few union jobs means a substantial decrease in the percentage of high paying jobs available to H, S. and college graduates. Now, two new factors have made the situation worse. First, higher paying STEM jobs, which require highly motivated academically oriented graduates who are in short supply, are facing more competition from Internet outsourcing. Second, the half life of computer engineers is becoming shorter as salaries max out at 35, and most are out of the field at forty as experience high salary programmers find it difficult to learn new computer languages and compete with recent college graduates and visa caring programmers.
Within a year, economic cycle questions will be answer.
Europeans are getting tired of German imposed austerity and may elect leaders who won't combine short term economic stimulus with long term structural labor reforms and social welfare reforms. The U.S. has gambled that increasing federal deficits and the resulting growth will continue until some economic stimulus replaces debt as the driver of economic growth. She too needs to balance short term growth needs with long term structural reforms. 
Economic cycle expert, who ten years ago began predicting  that twenty years of excess debt driven economic development may take more than the seven year average for this type of recession. Recommendation: combine (1) a two year increasing in the debt ceiling and (2) a continuation of the Bush tax cuts with (3) fixing social security. You must choose three!  Obama Care adjustments may be needed. If in the expansion is continuing for two years, do it again, this time with Medicare.

Genetic adjustment to misquotes may severely limit their ability to cause malaria. When conservatives read this or hear the ads of the young children with asthma wheeze, don't they feel a little guilty for slowing down advancements from genetic medicine.

As of 2/16/13 Europe was still in recession.
The Economist Magazine

Germany adjusted early when world  growth was high, Spain is going through the pain, France and Italy and France are delaying the inevitable.

Editors Note: State pensions are also high for those at the top with  12,199 retired California government workers receive pensions in excess of $100,00 and the top 10 receiving >$250,000. 
Read more at .businessinsider.

Please

Health Care Expenses
Health and dental care are still a pain in the pooper. Retiring at 57, they cost me close to $50,000 for single coverage over four plus years. Now 68, I'm on Medicare. Its annual cost is about $2,600 and a supplement  is another $3,000. Plus Medicare Plan D cost another $40/month. I had company sponsored government subsidized health and dental insurance since I was 22. In addition my employer and I paid into Medicare. It is scary how much employers and I paid for health insurance over the 35 years I worked. I'm still paying and those who think of my benefits as an entitlement are ill informed..

Of course, the system is not set up for singles like myself. Married people with children and the poor receive a much more of a benefits relative to their payments. Now gays want equal rights for federal tax purposes. I wouldn't mind if they made the marriage tax benefits dependent on being financially responsible for children Heterosexuals without children would lose the benefit until they had or adopted children. Gays, to receive the benefit, would  have to adopt American children. Always wonder what black Americans thought when they see white Americans adopting Asian children?

Went for my Sunday Ride Around rural, central Florida
Stopped by one of the many boat raps in rural Florida and found about ten older trailers and trucks. Nice to see the average Joe enjoying their day off. Visited one of our many county parks where electricity, water, bathroom facilities and playgrounds are provided. Found groups of four or five families with many children enjoying the day. Many said "God Bless You" which reminded me this was the bible belt. Stopped to grocery shop and saw a pickup with both regular hay and really green hay. Turns out the green stuff was alfalfa  the women used to feed the horses she boarded.. She liked the tax advantage her little farm received and felt "farmers must be protected." Turns out her husband had a job that paid the families health insurance and like many rural Floridians, she would vote Republican to keep government out of her life. Driving home I wonder what uninsured boaters and picnicking people would do if someone broke arm or leg. My guess is they would go to the emergency room of the local hospital for free treatment and like my farmer friend, vote republican to keep government out of their lives.

March of 2012 Story of the month Chinese Yuan Exchange rate
China is Doing Her Part with a lower exchange rate.
President Obama's fifty person committee to duplicate the work of existing investigators seems a little political, especially since China can't appreciate her currency too fast or growth will be hurt and peasants flooding the cities will revolt.

As a Result
Her surplus is Going Down.

5/26/12 Economist Magazine

Salary Increases will Keep 
the Trends Going

Recent Debt Accumulation by Country.

Editors note: By comparison, US total debt is low. Most of it was piled up by households, businesses, and financial institutions with government debt, state and local, fairly level. Since 2008, 
all U.S. debt is down except the Federal Government, which is borrowing to maintain entitlement and military spending and it is giving the states money to forgo layoffs. U.S. consumer debt is down because people are walking away from underwater real estate.  See The Economist  and
The Debt Issue for details. 

http://www.businessinsider.com

Editors Note: I don't think of SS and Medicare as entitlements or transfer payments. I started paying into SS at 16, paid in the max for all of the 25 years they count and at 68, I'm still paying in. I realize both are progressive and single guys like me who stayed healthy and paid in the maximum gets less of a return on investment than average earners and family people. No big deal. I got a few tax benefits. But it is not a transfer payment or entitlement program, its a return on a retirement/health policy investment.  I was fortunate to have company paid health care but Medicare and a supplemental program cost about 
$5,000 annually

Information that caught my eye. Updated continually
1) Revenue earned by M. Jackson estate over 18 months. $310,000,000.
2) 51,000  science and math Geeks from 186 countries signed up for a $1,000,000  contest  to solve a high-tech problem to increase productivity.  A company called Gaggle, now employing 25,000 people 
quickly formed to solve other difficult problems to increase productivity around the world. As a result, 
Our macro lives, living longer, healthier lives will be much better but poor distribution will limit our 
micro lives, our salary from the added profits from productivity gains which go to a very few highly 
talented scientists and entrepreneurs.
3) Paralegals looking for information and journeyman sportswriters can't keep up with software. 
4) China has institutional beds for only 1.6% of her over 60  population compared 
to 8% for the developed world and unlike Japan who also has an older population, 
China will get old before she gets rich.
5) Tiger's X wife Ekin Nordegren has razed her recently purchased $12.2 million 
North Beach House to build a more roomer palace. Tiger is living nearby on Juniper
Island in a 9,727 sq. ft. home.
6) Total Apple iPad production costs of $275 get charged to our imports from 
China when only $10 is actual work (assembly) performed in China. Profit
Looks like we trade balance with China may be a little overstated. http://www.pcic.merage.uci.edu/
7) Top 70 Chinese legislators added $11.5 billion during 2011 or about $140 million per person.
The  536 U.S. Congress members, President Obama, his cabinet, and the Supreme Court and
others of the t op 660 in U.S. officials increases $7.5 billion, a little over $10 million per person.
Our top 70 ?.
8) Strict Gun Control laws in NYC have resulted in a suicide rate of about half the national average
with 12% of the suicides caused by guns as compared to 51% nationally.
9) Driving slow in the city can save 6 MPG over EPA estimates and 14 MPG highway (55 vs. 70)
using a 2012 Ford Focus SFE, see 4/12 of Popular Mechanics.

Military Spending 
Virginia Class Submarine  Type: nuclear submarine   Total Cost: $83.7 billion
R&D: $7.2 billion  > Procurement Cost: $76.6 billion > Total Units: 30
Price per Unit: $2,552.6 million #3 on a list of big budget defense items.

The Virginia Class submarines are arguably the most advanced nuclear subs in the world. 
The Virginia is 377 feet long and weighs 7,800 tons, or the equivalent of 821 school buses. 
The massive underwater craft is produced by General Dynamics (NYSE; GD) Electric Boat 

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History of the Banking Crisis
1971 The Nixon Shock takes U.S. off the partial Gold Standard, inflation results, 
       and house prices begin to dramatic rise.
1980's : Home Equity Loans/lines of credit replace Home Improvement Loans and the bedrock of 
        America's retirement savings begins to disappear.
1986 Financial Accounting Standards Board becomes hypersensitive to offending the sensibilities 
        of big banking and big industry:
1988: Collateralized Debt Obligation invented by City Group, use short-term low interest borrowing 
         to buy longer term higher interest paying bundled mortgages creating a substantial increase in 
         the funds available for home mortgages. CDO  are a type of derivative as they 
         derive their value form the value of some underlying assets (mortgages).
1990's Rubin, Summers, and Geithner strongly recommend government takeovers to solve the 
          emerging market banking crisis. The feel bank owners and managers and creditors should bare 
          the cost and taxpayers for funding the takeovers, should get potential profits.
          Community Reinvestment Act is used by the Clinton Administration to increase housing 
          opportunities for the poor.  Real estate and banking professionals turned this into subprime lending.
1999: Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, also known as the Financial Services Modernization Act repealed the part
         of the Glass-Steagall Act that had prohibited
         a bank from offering a full range of investment, commercial banking, and insurance services since its enactment in 1933.  
2000: Commodity Futures Modernization Act deregulates derivates. Recommended to President Clinton by the
        President's Working Group on Financial Markets--Lawrence Summers, Treasury, Alan Greenspan, Fed, 
        Arthur Levitt, SEC, William J. Rainer,CFTC,  these derivatives, especially the credit default swaps, would be at the heart
        of the financial crisis of 2008 and the subsequent Great Recession.
2003: Credit Default Swaps, used to insure CDO (derivative that bundled home mortgages) were becoming a big 
        money maker on Wall Street. Anyone could buy them for a small fraction of the derivatives face value because sellers
         believed that a nationwide fall in house prices was not possible.
         By the end of 2007, asset bundles insured for $62.2 trillion would fall by 2010 to $26.3 trillion. 

2008 3/14 Bear Stearns suffers as subprime mortgages begin to fail. It is bailed out by the Federal Reserve
               and investment banks.  
        9 /15 Lehman Brothers is not bailed out and becomes the country's largest bankruptcy at $600 billion in assets. 
               Use of leverage (borrowed money)  caused large losses because the subprime mortgage crisis made CDO
               to be worth much less than their book value. A panic results as many financial institutions were involved in the
               subprime derivatives using leverage and insurance from sellers of CDS which couldn't pay due to small reserves.
              Rubin, Summers, and Geithner strongly recommend a blank government check to solve the U.S. banking
              crisis.  Bank owners, creditors and managers feel no paid and get the potential profits. 
2008 AIG, the world's 29th largest corporation in 2000 and a big one-sided player in the CDS market (sold insurance but did
        not cover themselves by buying insurance) is bailed out by the Federal Reserve for investments totaling $185 b

Debt did not cause the banking crisis. Unethical, mainly Republican politicians, local bankers, financial bankers, real estate people, and home buyers were the cause. The economic slowdown was caused by over building in housing and the lack of demand caused by many people borrowing on home equity that went away Those two alone have caused a typical financial balance sheet recession where it takes seven years on average to recover the 7 million lost jobs.

The real problem is future entitlements all governments have promised but pay for without a rapidly growing economy-- remember, we never paid for WWII or any war, we just grow our way out and beginning in 1980, used inflation. Both make the debt go away as a percentage of GDP.

Editors Note: The bulk of the product went to paying health care and income to the top 1%.

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Economist Edgar Feige estimated in 2009 that unreported economic activity was costing the US government $600 billion in tax revenues, and the growth in that number—from the Internal Revenue Service's 2001 estimate of $345 billion—indicates 
the growth of the informal economy.
Inside the Trillion-Dollar Underground Economy Keeping Many Americans (Barely) Afloat in Desperate Times Alternet

Editors Note: At an average of about 450 billion per year it lost revenue, It looks like those steeling from us account to about 4.5 trillion dollars.
I wonder how many of these people are Tea Party members?

e-mail your comments 

Story of the Month September #2
Only the most educated 3% saw wage gains between 2000 and 2010by Laura ClawsonFollow for Daily Kos Labor Tue Sep 20, 2011 at 12:31 PM PDT

The Rising Value of a Science Degree             But, All Majors Are Not Created Equal

Story of the Month      August 2011

from The Week  of August 19-26

Economist Magazine 4/28/12

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Making Sure Obama is not Hoover August of 2011                                                                                                                              
Cut Future Spending Now                                                                                                                                 
1) Balance Social Security now                                                                                                                       e-mail your comments
    A. lower the inflation adjustment to just cover inflation
    B. raise both the early and normal retirement age for those under 50
2) Lower Medicare costs by raising the eligibility age to the normal retirement SS age of those under 60.
3) Delay the expenditure side of Obama Care until unemployment is below 8%
4) Extend the federal pay freeze until unemployment is below 7%
5) Freeze Federal government hiring and step increases until unemployment goes below 8%
6) Surtax of 5% to10% on taxable income over $1,000,000
7) Eliminate tax subsidies to farmers.
8) Tax away Social Security income for those with taxable income over $100,000.
Allow Medicare to bargain with drug companies.
Raising Future Taxes Later
1) Retain payroll tax holiday for employees only until unemployment goes below 8%
2) Retain the payroll tax cut on small business until they make a profit
3) Retain Bush Tax cut on those with taxable income over $500, 000 until unemployment goes below 9%
4) Retain Bush Tax cut on those with taxable income over $250,000 until unemployment goes below 8%
5) Retain Bush Tax cut for those with taxable income below $250,000 until unemployment goes below 7%
Lower Taxes Now
Eliminate Social Security taxes  (Not Medicare) on the owners (Not Employees) of new small businesses for two years then permanently cut it by 50%.
There is no reason someone starting a small business should be required to have for retirement. If successful, pay half since we don't know how successful. 
And as a society, we can't just let them eat cake, which is why we have Medicare and SS in the first place.

Increase Consumer Spending Now
1) Requiring banks to randomly select and securitize 5% of their delinquent loans every 3 month. Correct market price will result quickly.
2) Requiring banks to refinance mortgages quickly with and equity swap for collateralized bonds. 
    President Obama, like FDR, should keep Supreme Court busy.
Increase Government Revenue Now
1) Replace our Democratic Capitalism with a Capitalistic Democracy
2) Create a Congressional Information Office similar to the Congressional Budget office to supply legislative information so congress and 
the public do not have to rely on lobbyist and think tanks for date used for analyzing information related to possible legislation. 
Increase Government Revenue later.
Require banks to lower underwater mortgages to collateral market value and government receives 50% share in equity over eventual home sale profits.
Educate the Public Now
1) Calculate the Net Worth of the Federal Government so people know the U.S. is not bankrupt
2) Explain why the Social Security will always be paid but probably with dollars that are less valuable because of inflation
3) Explain how to lessen the hurt from inflation
4) Fix public education
    A. Treat academic all stars like sports stars
    B. Stress economic and personal skills enhancement of those in the middle
    C. Follow the lead of the cities like Baltimore in keeping kids from dropping out 
5) Create a Congressional Information Office, similar to the Congressional Budget Office, 
    to provide unbiased information of the economic affect/collateral damage of proposed legislation.
1) Combine the Departments of Defense and Health/Human Services into a Department of Health and Safety 
so their lobbyist must compete against each other for tax dollars that save lives.
2) Once in a while, the President should take 5 minutes to talk to people in the Middle East during his weekly radio address to communicate a special message on something we are doing to help them. Can't do it too often or it won't be special. 09/26/12

Story of the Month August of 2011 will not be special.

August 1 Tradable Jobs    http://www.economicpopulist.org/
 From 1990 to 2008... " the 27.3 million jobs added from this time period, 97.7% of them were non-tradable.  What do the authors mean by tradable jobs? Jobs that can be offshore outsourced." ... "As an example, health care must be domestically sourced because sick people are here. Computer architecture, on the other hand, can be offshore outsourced and the results moved around the globe to a manufacturing center."

But foreigners are investing here.

Indeed, investment inflows from foreign manufacturers hit about $91 billion last year—the highest annual total since 2007. Among the attractions: Proximity to the world’s richest consumer market and access to America’s stock of skilled workers and low-cost energy.

http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/

2012/08/22/foreigners-invest-in-u-s-manufacturing/

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In 1950, the United States Steel Corporation employed 30,000 workers at its plant in Gary, Ind. Today that factory employs only 5,000 workers. But they produce more steel: 
7.5 million tons a year now, compared with 6 million tons then.
NYT 11/07/12/the factory age isn't over

From 2006 through 2010, Detroit automakers shed an astonishing 120,000 jobs, more than one-third their combined total...  ...pay benefits and other costs from dropped from $75 to  $49 an hour for Chrysler $78 to $58 for Ford. Newly hired hourly workers are paid $14 to $16 an hour, about half what veterans get and are locked into less-generous benefits than veteran workers and they will become the majority of hourly workers as others age and leave. usatoday 2011-07-26.

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7/25/11

Been thinking that the potential taxpayers revolt is not about the money but what is bought with the money. We ran up a much bigger debt paying for WWII and got little since our battle against Fascism was replaced with a battle against Communism.

Ask anyone angry about government spending to cut three of the following areas. Social Security, Medicare or Defense. They have a problem.

The big question is exactly how big is the divide between the parties. The first big divide resulted in the Revolutionary War. The second, the Civil War. Is this the third big divide?

Author Ramblings 
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Got some Bad News Today 6/17
For years I've been wondering if bad health habits of baby boomers was good news because they would die early and lower  SS and Medicare spending or bad news because they would long, sickly, debilitating lives with high Medicare cost. The Week reported that cholesterol-cutting medicine and diabetes drugs are keeping obese people alive until their early eighties and they cost and extra 42% annually to keep alive. Obesity Not Aging Causing Ballooning Health Care Costs.

6/15 On extending the payroll tax cut
A two year delay in the employer portion of payroll taxes for start-ups and a delay in additional spending on Obama care until unemployment drops below 7% would both be better than existing small business adding employees than paying lower payroll taxes.  Lack of demand and
uncertainty are why existing small business are not hiring.

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6/8 Bloomberg Surveillance broadcasting from England taught me
        1.With the Pound having less exorbitant privileged than
           the dollar, England had to  tighten earlier than he U.S. 
           or pay really high borrowing cost. Her political cycle 
           being ahead
           of the U.S. so the Conservatives took over.
        2. All economies can't tighten at once or there would be 
            trouble.
        3. Developing world is doing better than developed world.
            Big Business is doing better than small business.
            Europe's core is doing better than her periphery.
        4. I didn't buy a new Infinite G37 because Bernanke 
            lowered the value of the dollar. 
            Question, will I buy a Cadillac CTS instead.
        5. China doesn't  have to worry about political Courage.
        6. Tom Keene thought Parliament was less partisan.

Change

1,461

National defense

461

361

495

499

509

549

580

165

Non discretionary

279

191

218

218

167

200

440

Net Interest 

256

251

184

219

223

232

169

-87

Undistributed offsetting receipts

-67

-53

-65

-66

-76

-78

-82

-3

Total in Constant2005 Billions of $

1,832

2,041

2,472

2,564

2,565

2,704

3,186

3,315

$1,483

92

Bush I & Clinton

May, 2011

The Rise of the McWorker

The evidence points to the latter. According to a recent analysis by the National Employment Law Project (NELP), the biggest growth in private-sector job creation in the past year occurred in positions in the low-wage retail, administrative, and food service sectors of the economy. While 23% of the jobs lost in the Great Recession that followed the economic meltdown of 2008 were “low-wage” (those paying $9-$13 an hour), 49% of new jobs added in the sluggish “recovery” are in those same low-wage industries. On the other end of the spectrum, 40% of the jobs lost paid high wages ($19-$31 an hour), while a mere 14% of new jobs pay similarly high wages.

For more read  Welcome to the McJobs Recovery Andy Kroll, TomDispatch

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For some, Investing In Social Security is a Bad Idea.
 Red, Bold people don't make it to full SS collection at 67

Economist 7/2/11

Life Exp of Lowest Quartile

Life Exp for Median